Imagine you find a magic ring that makes you invisible. Nobody can see you. Nobody knows what you're doing. You could do anything. 

Take or steal whatever you want. Go wherever you like. Nobody could stop you. You could do absolutely anything.

There would also be no punishments, no consequences, no police, no negative judgments from other people, and even if you believe in God, they would not be able to see your actions.

Just imagine, you could do anything you want without the fear of consequences.

If you had this power, would you stay good, or would you become evil?

[00:01:09] 

This story is a thought experiment in the very famous book by Plato, The Republic. 

And this story asks us the question is, are we good because we are moral or ethical, or because we are scared of the consequences of our actions. 

That could be going to prison, getting a fine, getting judged by others, or if you believe in God, God seeing your actions and punishing you for them. Or maybe because you believe in karma.

This is a really interesting thought experiment to think about because when we think about our own actions, when I think about my own actions, am I good because I'm a good person or I'm scared of what would happen if I actually acted immorally.

[00:02:01] 

And if I had the power to act in a immoral or unethical or even illegal way, would I do so? If I could not be punished. 

That's the subject that we're discussing this week in my free English learning community. If you want to chat about it, we have live calls next week, and you can come to them.

They're completely free, and we can discuss this question.

In this lesson series, debates in English, I discuss the pros and the cons or both sides of an argument. 

#1 – My behaviour wouldn’t change

[00:02:36] 

First, I'm going to discuss the reasons why some people wouldn't change their behaviour, even if they had the power to do whatever they wanted without consequences.

Key Vocabulary

Moral (adj.) Meaning: based on your own sense of what is right and fair, not on legal rights or duties. For example, people acting according to their own moral.

Ethical (adj.) Meaning: morally correct or acceptable. For example, is it ethical to steal from the rich and give it to the poor?

Fine (n) Meaning: a sum of money that must be paid as punishment for breaking a law or rule. For example, you could pay a fine if your behaviour is inadequate.

Karma (n) Meaning: the good/bad effect of doing a particular thing, being in a particular place, etc. For example, doing bad actions is bad karma.

Immoral (adj.) Meaning: not considered to be good or honest by most people. For example, it’s immoral to steal.

Unethical (adj.) Meaning: not morally acceptable. For example, it’s unethical to do whatever you want with people’s feelings.

Discuss (v) Meaning: to write or talk about something in detail, showing the different ideas and opinions about it. For example, we will discuss this topic at greater length inside the community.

Essay (n) Meaning: a short piece of writing on a particular subject, written in order to be published. For example, there’s an essay prepared for this week’s topic.

Ethics (n) Meaning: moral principles that control or influence a person’s behaviour. For example, your code of ethics is different from everybody else.

Secular (adj.) Meaning: not connected with spiritual or religious matters. For example, the UK has become more secular over the years.

Shape (v) Meaning: to have an important influence on the way that somebody/something develops. For example, religion can shape the morals of a nation.

Commandment (n) Meaning: a law given by God, especially any of the Ten Commandments given to the Israelites in the Bible. For example, may people around the world know at least one of the 10 commandments.

Thou (pronoun) Meaning: a word meaning “you,” used when talking to only one person who is the subject of the verb. For example, thou shall not steal.

Upbringing (n) Meaning: the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up. For example, some kids have a very strict upbringing.

Explicitly (adv) Meaning: clearly or directly, so that the meaning is easy to understand. For example, your parents explicitly told you to not behave that way.

Consciously (adv) Meaning: in a way that shows that you are aware of something or noticing something. For example, the effects were more profound than we consciously realize.

Witness (v) Meaning: to see something happen. For example, you did witness your parents’ behaviour.

Subconscious (adj.) Meaning: connected with feelings that influence your behaviour even though you are not aware of them. For example, your subconscious can make you feel in many different ways. 

So, on Monday, I posted a weekly workbook, which was all about this subject, including videos, and an essay, and extra resources all about this subject. 

And I asked some of my community members what they thought they would do if they had the power of the magic ring.

[00:03:05] 

Some people said they wouldn't change their behaviour because they knew that if they acted immorally, or unethically, or illegally, then, they would still have to live with themselves. 

So, even if they wanted to do something bad or immoral, for example, stealing money from someone, then, they would still kind of experience the action of them doing it, and they'd have to live with themselves afterwards.

Because in their mind, and in their brain, they would know. That it's them who's done it and after they do something bad, they might feel guilty about doing it. 

And when someone has done something bad, this can really affect your mood and your personality, and you might think about it, and it might affect your feelings for a very long time.

So even though some people understand that laws and fear of judgments might stop people from doing things, some people have said that it's just their own feelings that hold them back. 

So, they might have a desire to do something bad, or they might even not have a desire to do something bad, but they have their own moral code of what they think is right and what they think is wrong.

[00:04:20] 

This moral code or moral compass comes from a wide range of places. It could be religious reasonings. 

So, for example, if you live in the United Kingdom, your, your ethics and your morality have probably been influenced by Christianity, even though Christianity is not a very popular religion in the UK anymore, it's still the biggest religion.

But I don't know too many people who actually classify themselves as a Christian. 

I don't even know that many people who classify themselves as practicing or I don't know many people in the UK that are actually a religious full stop.

Regardless of how secular the UK has become; the morals and values of people here have been shaped by the Christian faith. 

Everyone born in England can recite one of the 10 commandments. Thou shall not kill, for example.

[00:05:13] 

It could be the school that you went to, the teachers you had, the upbringing you had, and when probably most importantly, your parents and what type of role models they were and how they taught you to live. 

They may not have explicitly taught you how to live by giving you directions like this is wrong, this is right.

But you may have seen how they behave, and you might think that is the way how to behave and this might not happen consciously, like you're thinking: “Oh, I've just seen my dad do this thing, so I must do that thing as well.”

But I think kind of witnessing your parents’ behaviour definitely has a subconscious effect on people and their behaviour. And especially, Their values and morals.

#2 – My behaviour would change

[00:05:57]

Other people in my community said that it would change their behaviour, but they wouldn't do things that are classified as immoral or unethical in their opinion. 

Key Vocabulary

Realize (v) Meaning: to understand or become aware of a particular fact or situation. For example, to realize that something is missing from your accounts.

Significantly (adv) Meaning: in a way that is large or important enough to have an effect on something or to be noticed. For example, money can significantly change the lives of people.

Vigilante (n) Meaning: a member of a group of people who try to prevent crime or punish criminals in their community, especially because they think the police are not doing this. For example, some people would become vigilantes if given the chance.

Greedy (adj.) Meaning: wanting more money, power, food, etc. than you really need. For example, there are too many greedy people.

Corrupt (adj.) Meaning: willing to use their power to do dishonest or illegal things in return for money or to get an advantage. For example, is easier to corrupt people with money.

Ubiquitous (adj.) Meaning: seems to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common. For example, corruption is ubiquitous in justice systems around the world.

Snowball Effect (adj.) Meaning: a situation that develops more and more quickly as it continues. For example, drugs have a snowball effect on people.

Slightly (adv.) Meaning: a little. For example, you get slightly better every time you lose.

Favour (n) Meaning: approval or support for somebody/something. For example, you only do what favours you the most.

Abuse (n) Meaning: the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful. For example, is all too easy to abuse power.

Realistically (adv) Meaning: used to say what you think can actually be achieved in a particular situation. For example, to realistically reduce the crime rate.

Elect (v) Meaning: to choose somebody to do a particular job by voting for them. For example, to elect a new official for the government.

Inherent (adj.) Meaning: that is a basic or permanent part of somebody/something and that cannot be removed. For example, the selfishness inherent  in humankind.

Self-interest (n) Meaning: the fact of somebody only considering their own interests and not caring about things that would help other people. For example, self-interest is common in wealthy people.

It could be breaking the law and be illegal, like stealing money for example, they don't think stealing money from some people is a bad thing. 

Think about how rich some people are in this world, like Elon Musk or Jeff Bezos. 

If you steal some money from them, and even if you don't keep it yourself, you could do, but imagine you donated to charity or you end world hunger, for example. 

I know that's not as easy as it sounds but imagine if you steal money from the richest people or the richest businesses in the world and give it to poorer people in the world. 

Is that really unethical, immoral? It is changing their behaviour. There are no consequences, but what they're doing, is it unethical or immoral?

[00:06:52] 

Especially if it really doesn't affect Jeff Bezos or Elon Musk's life too much. I'm sure you could probably pull a million from them and they wouldn't even realize, but you could significantly change the lives of many people. 

So, if some people got the ring, they would act like Robin Hood. Steal from the rich, give to the poor.

Other people said they would be like a vigilantes, or they would fight crime or try and use their power of the ring for good. 

So, it would change their behaviour, but in their eyes, they wouldn't be doing things immoral or unethical. 

They would kind of be like a Batman or another superhero where they see evil or bad people in the world, and they would use their power to try and fight that. 

In their eyes this is not immoral or unethical as well It could be problematic for some people to take the law into their own hands like Batman does, but in their opinion, it's not unethical or immoral.

[00:07:50] 

On the other side of the coin, some people said they would change their behaviour, and that humans are naturally greedy, and power corrupts human beings. 

There are so many examples in history of when people get power, they get corrupted. 

And this is somewhat of a kind of ubiquitous effect, any country, any political system, corruption happens. And when people get power, they often abuse it. 

And even though ordinary people like us might think that they might not do evil things because they might feel bad. 

But once they get the ring and they start acting with no consequences, I think this could be a snowball effect where you might start to do small actions and then you do something slightly bigger and slightly bigger and slightly bigger. And then you're deciding which world leaders live or die. 

[00:08:41] 

You're completely changing the world in the favours of what you think is right or wrong. 

And that could benefit you and you could redirect resources and power and opportunities to people like you, people from your own country, political causes that you care about. You could do anything that you wanted.

If people had that power, I think it would take a very strong individual not to abuse that. And that's what people have said. 

They would like to think that their behaviour wouldn't change, or they wouldn't do immoral or unethical things. But if they had the opportunity to do it, they realistically think that they probably would in the end.

I'm sure you know a politician who made all these promises before they got elected, and once they got elected, they suddenly changed, and they were corrupted by power.

Maybe humans are just weak, and we need to reduce the amount of power that each individual has and try and spread it out as much as possible because humans just can't deal with that type of power because we are inherently self-interested.

[00:09:49] 

So, imagine you had this ring and this power. What would you do? Would you tell people how you really thought about them with no negative consequences for yourself? 

Would you steal money from richer people and give it to yourself, or people you love, or people who need it more than them? Or would you completely go evil and do whatever you wanted and not care about other people?

Should the Government Give Everyone Free Money?

Introduction:

[00:00:43]

Welcome back everybody for another lesson. This lesson today, we're gonna have a look at a very interesting political and economic policy, which is called Universal Basic Income sometimes called UBI for short.

And this idea became quite popular over the last few years as there was a candidate in the American presidential election called Andrew Yang, and he had the idea of giving everyone in America a universal basic income.

[00:01:17]

A universal basic income is what you'll see on either the thumbnail or the kind of description, the title of this video, where the government gives everybody, including rich people, including the richest people, free money.

And the money is supposed to be given to these people to cover the basic needs of living.

[00:01:39]

So, the idea is to give people enough money so they can afford food, shelter, water, heating, electricity, transport - I guess. And the idea of this is to reduce and eliminate poverty once and for all.

So, even though the United States and the United Kingdom are incredibly rich countries, relative to other countries.

And there are people in those countries who are really rich and have lots of money; there are still lots of people who live in poverty.

[00:02:12]

For example, in the United Kingdom, we have 4.3 million children who are classified as living in poverty.

So, people think people… supporters of universal basic income think that if we give every single person some money, essentially, then they can spend that money. So, it goes back into the system.

[00:02:35]

It's not like they're just keeping it and the money gets taxed from people. And then it just sits in people's bank accounts, but people will spend that in the economy and the money will still continue to circulate.

So, people think that if we give everyone enough money to afford the basic things then we will completely eliminate poverty and it's quite an interesting idea.

[00:03:00]

I think it's quite a radical idea. It's not particularly a new idea because I think people were talking about this in the 1800s! Believe it or not.

But yes, universal basic income is an idea that people on the left of the political spectrum have thought about. When I have thought about this idea and when I have brought this idea up to people.

[00:03:25]

Often people just think it's really stupid and think, “why would we just give everyone free money? Why don't people just go to work and get jobs and pay for food and housing that way?”

And it's a pretty good argument against it. So, let's jump into the debate.

I'm gonna give three reasons why I think universal basic income is a good idea, and three reasons why I don't think it's a good idea.

For # 1 – Eliminate poverty

[00:03:49]

The first reason why I think universal basic income is a good idea is that it can eliminate poverty. So, I think poverty is an absolute scourge on society.

Key Vocabulary

Policy (n). Meaning: a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc. For example, the company has adopted a firm policy against shoplifting.

Universal Basic Income (n). Meaning: is a social welfare proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a minimum income in the form of unconditional transfer payment. For example, the idea of universal basic income has gained newfound popularity in recent years.

Afford (v). Meaning: to have enough money to be able to buy or do something. For example, none of them could afford £50 for a ticket.

Relative (adj). Meaning: considered and judged by being compared with something else. For example, you must consider the relative merits of the two plans.

Circulate (v). Meaning: to send goods or information to all people in a group. For example, the book was circulated widely in Rusia.

Radical (adj). Meaning: new, different and likely to have a great effect. For example, a truly radical concept.

Scourge (n). Meaning: a person or thing that causes trouble, difficulty or mental pain. For example, the scourge of war/disease/poverty.

Fulfilling (adj). Meaning: causing somebody to feel satisfied and useful. For example, a fulfilling experience.

Dignity (n). Meaning: the fact of being given honour and respect by people. For example, the dignity of work.

Disgust (n). Meaning: a strong feeling of dislike for somebody/something that you feel is unacceptable, or for something that looks, smells, etc. Unpleasant. For example, the idea fills me with disgust.

Billionaire (n). Meaning: an extremely rich person, who has at least a thousand million pounds, dollars, etc. in money or property. For example, a Texas billionaire.

Unequal (adj). Meaning: in which people are treated in different ways or have different advantages in a way that seems unfair. For example, an unequal distribution of wealth.

Resource (n). Meaning: a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth. For example, the exploitation of minerals and other natural resources.

Taxation (n). Meaning: the system of collecting money by taxes. For example, changes in the taxation structure.

Provide (v). Meaning: to give something to somebody or make it available for them to use. For example, please provide the information.

Prevalent (adj). Meaning: that exists or is very common at a particular time or in a particular place. For example, the disease is more prevalent in Latin America.

Slide into (v). Meaning: to move gradually into a worse situation. For example, the industry is sliding into decline.

Safety net (n). Meaning: an arrangement that helps prevent disaster if something goes wrong. For example, a financial safety net.

I don't think people in the… I don't think… I don't want anyone anywhere living in poverty. I want everyone around the world to have a good housing.

[00:04:09]

I want them to be able to afford good food, clean water, never to be cold in their own houses, and to live fulfilling lives.

Some people probably don't want that for everyone, and they're evil, but not me.

I think that everyone should be able to live with dignity, and I think it's disgusting that people in economies like the UK or America live in poverty.

When there is so much wealth available and kind of… that exists within these countries and in certain people's bank accounts.

Then I think it's… it's so bad that we have billionaires while we also have people sleeping on the streets.

[00:04:48]

I just think that just shows an unequal society.

So, to eliminate poverty and to give everybody the resources to be able to live with dignity would… a simple way to do that is to give every single person enough money to live essentially.

The government can get this money through taxation and then they can give it to the people.

We know that even though some people do have jobs, that sometimes these jobs don't pay well enough for people to provide for themselves and also their families.

[00:05:21]

If there is a single parent and they have three children, then it's gonna be very difficult for that person to balance family life, looking after their children, while also working enough in a high skilled job to pay the money.

And, in the future when robots and artificial intelligence become more prevalent within society, they're gonna start taking people's jobs.

[00:05:43]

And what are we gonna do when more and more people become unemployed? I don't know. But unless new jobs are created, then more and more people may be sliding into poverty, which we don't want.

So, to give every single person a certain amount of money to provide them a safety net, so they'll never live in poverty, sounds like a good idea.

Against # 1 – Waste of Money

[00:06:05]

One reason why universal basic income is a bad idea is that it's stupidly wasteful. Why would we give money to people that don't need money?

Key Vocabulary

Wasteful (adj). Meaning: using more of something than is necessary; not saving or keeping something that could be used. For example, the whole process is wasteful and inefficient.}

Regardless (adv). Meaning: paying no attention, even if the situation is bad or there are difficulties. For example, the weather was terrible, but we carried on regardless.

Silly (adj). Meaning: showing a lack of thought, understanding, or judgment. For example, her work is full of silly mistakes.

If we had universal basic income in the United States, that means that every single person regardless of how much they earn gets given a certain amount of money from the government. Let's just say it's $1000.

[00:06:31]

Just for example.

Why would we give $1,000 to Elon Musk? Why would we give $1,000 to Mark Zuckerberg? Why would we waste government money by giving the richest people in society money?

While there are people that actually need it? It's completely wasteful.

So instead of… I would say the majority of Americans don't need an extra $1,000 into their bank accounts because they're not living in poverty.

[00:07:00]

Surely a better way of spending taxation or the money that you would… the money that you would need to gather to give to every single American or even anyone in any country.

Unless it's like Iceland where they don't have that many people. Not a dick, but yeah, it'd be easier to do it there. That's what I'm saying.

[00:07:21]

To raise that money in the United States, you're gonna have to give to everyone… you're gonna have to get a lot of money and to give that to every single citizen is just wasteful.

Most people don't need that money. So, isn't it better just to kind of gather less money through less taxation and then just give support to people that really need it? I just think it's a silly… it's just a silly idea.

For # 2 – A Safety Net

The second reason why I think universal basic income is a good idea is that it will provide a mental safety net to people. So, everyone knows that money can be a huge source of stress for a lot of people.

Key Vocabulary

Source (n). Meaning: a place, person or thing that you get something from. For example, your library would be a useful source of information.

Breakdown (n). Meaning: a period of serious mental illness in which somebody is unable to deal with normal life. For example, it became too much, and he had a breakdown.

Head start (n). Meaning: an advantage that somebody already has before they start doing something. For example, being able to speak French gave him a head start over other candidates.

[00:08:03]

Some people go through mental breakdowns because of financial situations. A lot of marriages end because of financial situations.

So, I think if there was a safety nets in place… so imagine everyone in society, knowing that regardless of how bad their life got.

If they… if they get fired from this job, if the company ends, if the company's profit stops and a business owner has to quit the business, then they'll never live on the streets.

That they'll always have enough money and support from the government that they will never live in poverty, that they'll always be given enough money to provide for themselves.

Even if it's a very basic level of living, just kind of having a house and enough food and water. Even if it's just that that will be a guarantee to people that however bad things can get it's not gonna be that bad.

[00:08:56]

And I think to have that kind of a safety net of like… a couple having an extra $2,000 a month would just be incredibly beneficial from like just a mental point of view.

Like money can be such a huge problem for people. If we just give people this head start, then it's gonna make people feel a lot more secure and happier.

[00:09:18]

And then… Why wouldn't we want a more secure, happy, and less poverty in society? Very simple way to do it. Give everyone free money.

Against # 2 – Increase in prices

The second reason why I think universal basic income is a bad idea is that businesses and landowners will just raise their prices.

Key Vocabulary

Inflation (n). Meaning: a fall in the value of money and a general increase in prices; the rate at which this happens. For example, an inflation rate of 3%.

Subsection (n). Meaning: a part of a section, especially of a legal document. For example, the case is described in subsection six below.

Restrict (v). Meaning: to limit the size, amount or range of something. For example, speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.

Capitalist (adj). Meaning: based on the principle of capitalism. For example, a capitalist society.

Enterprise (n). Meaning: a company or business. For example, he’s in charge of an enterprise with a turnover of $26 million.

Random (adj). Meaning: done, chosen, etc. without somebody deciding in advance what is going to happen, or without any regular pattern. For example, the information is processed in a random order.

Drastic (adj). Meaning: extreme in a way that has sudden, serious or violent effect on something. For example, the government takes drastic measures.

Outgoings (n). Meaning: the amount of money that a person or a business has to spend regularly. For example, write down your incomings and outgoings.

So, imagine living in your country and the government say, “okay, we're gonna give you, you know, a €1000 a month, a £1000 a month, a $1000, whatever it is.

[00:10:50]

And then, there are no regulations or controls to make sure that landlords - people that own houses and they rent them out to people - don't…

If they're not measures to make sure that they don't increase them too much, they're just gonna think, “hmm, well, everyone in society has an extra £1,000, €1,000 in their bank accounts. Why don't we just raise the prices of our rent? Because they will be able to afford it.”

[00:11:15]

The same with businesses. Recently we've had high inflation in the United Kingdom relative to history, around 15%.

If you calculate all the different industries and subsections and one of the areas that we've had a lot of inflation is food.

[00:11:34]

And that's probably been the thing that I've noticed going up the most. So, when I go food shopping. I look what I'm buying. I look at the basket and I look how much it costs.

I think, “wow, I'm buying three items and it's £20? This is kind of crazy. Olive oil? I have to save for olive oil now!” I'm joking, but olive oil is expensive.

[00:11:55]

So, I think that recently some businesses like supermarkets have put up prices because everyone else is putting up prices.

Maybe the cost of the… the production of apples. We grow apples in the UK, or pears.

Maybe this hasn't increased, maybe it's actually the same amount to producing apples... produce apples, but everything else in the supermarket is going up, and also their competitors are putting up prices, so why don't they put up prices of apples?

[00:12:30]

I don't trust businesses. I don't trust landlords to keep prices low when they know that everyone has got an extra bit of money in their bank accounts.

Because the idea of a business is to create profit. I've got no problem with that.

But if they know that their customers and clients can pay more money for their services, especially services that they need, like food, like housing, then they will probably increase prices.

[00:13:00]

And most governments don't want to kind of restrict business. We live in a capitalist society. The whole idea is free enterprise, free markets.

People get to decide the prices. If customers think that's a good price, then they buy it. Government try not to get in the way. And why would they get in the way here?

[00:13:18]

Why would they just randomly decide to do it? Maybe because universal basic income is a huge policy, and it would change kind of society drastically. So maybe they would be forced to?

But yeah, I don't trust businesses not to raise prices. So, imagine everything… imagine the government gives you an extra $1,000 per month.

[00:13:41]

Let's just say euros. Cause I'm guessing most people are not gonna be American watching this. Imagine the government gives you an extra €1000 per month, and then your monthly outgoings increase by €600.

Because… these things that you need to buy: transport, taxis, housing, rent, food. They just up the prices and you just end up spending that money anyway and you don't get anything more.

[00:14:07]

It doesn't provide you with a safety net, you're just in exactly the same place, but the government gives you an extra €1,000 and you're spending that extra €1000 doing the same things that you were spending, buying the same things that you were buying before.

If anything, this is just, people getting taxed to pay for this really expensive system and then giving it to the people and then them spending more money on the people that got taxed… business… businesses.

[00:14:36] It's silly.

For # 3 – Pursuit of Passions

The third reason why I think universal basic income is a good idea is… because once the robots do take over our jobs, people will have to rethink how they spend that time and one way we can spend that time is by creating art, creating businesses.

And I think if we did have a universal basic income system, then I think people would take more risks and more gambles when it comes to their passions.

Key Vocabulary

Rethink (v). Meaning: to think again about an idea, a course of action, etc., especially in order to change it. For example, to rethink a plan.

Gamble (v). Meaning: to risk losing something in the hope of being successful. For example, he’s gambling his reputation on this deal.

Pursue (v). Meaning: to do something or try to achieve something over a period of time. For example, to pursue a goal.

Genuine (adj). Meaning: sincere and honest; that can be trusted. For example, she always showed a genuine concern for others.

Automation (n). Meaning: the use of machines and computers to do work that was previously done by people. For example, automation meant the loss of many factory jobs.

Take over (pv). Meaning: to begin to have control of or responsibility for something, especially in place of somebody else. For example, Paul’s daughter took over the job.

[00:15:06]

I think a lot of people work jobs that they don't really love. They may like it a little bit. They may like Friday afternoons. They may like the people they work with.

But the job that they actually do, they don't really like, they never really wanted it. It's not their passion. They have other interests that they care way more about.

And I think if people were given a safety net; a real safety net of… a guarantee that they can live with dignity regardless if they have a job or not. Then I think people would pursue their passions more.

[00:15:39]

They would be artists. They would dedicate their lives to sports, perhaps. Maybe they might not become a sports person, but maybe they'll just spend more time doing things that they actually love.

And I think this would be better for society, genuinely. Imagine, you know, without art, without films, without TV, without music, without paintings or our books.

[00:16:01]

Life would be pretty boring and if work is… if kind of the demand for work goes down in the next 50 to 100 years because of artificial intelligence, because of automation, because of robots, then maybe people will get… be given more free time to do the things that they love.

And they would be able to take risks with that and concentrate on that more if there was a guarantee and a safety net of a basic income.

Against # 3 – Work Motivation

[00:16:31]

The third reason why I think universal basic income is a bad idea is because it will disincentivize people to go to work.

Key Vocabulary

Disincentivize (v). Meaning: to remove the advantages of doing something, so people no longer want to do it. For example, the aim is to disincentivize illegal immigration.

Can’t stand (v). Meaning: use especially in negative sentences and questions to emphasize that you do not like somebody/something. For example, I can’t stand to watch him suffer anymore.

Stand (v). Meaning: to be in a particular condition or situation. For example, you never know where you stand with her.

Inclined (adj). Meaning: tending to do something; likely to do something. For example, they’ll be more inclined to listen if you don’t shout.

Imagine the government is paying you a certain amount of money for doing absolutely nothing. Regardless if you have a job or not, then why would you be motivated to go to work? Like I just said in my previous point, most people don't love their jobs.

[00:16:56]

So, if you don't love your job, and you think, “hold on a minute… I hate my boss, I hate my job, I'm unhappy, makes me stressed, I can’t stand speaking with customers, and I know that the government are gonna give me a €1,000 per month for doing nothing. I could be playing video games all day.

[00:17:16]

I could be watching YouTube. I could be sitting with my dog all day. Why won't I just do that?” And it makes sense. People go to work because they need to earn money because they need to live.

And if they get… given money from the government. Just for doing nothing. I don't think many people would probably go to work.

[00:17:39]

I think… Genuinely I think people will still go to work because they want extra money cause it buys some freedom.

However, due to this point people will be less inclined to do jobs that are important, especially like service work and also, I think people would work less.

They'd work part time like if… they would cut their hours in half. They would just work 20 hours a week for example and just get that extra €1,000 from the government. Sounds pretty good to me.

So yeah, I think people still need to go to work because people need to create products and services for us to buy.

[00:18:17]

Maybe not at the level that we're buying them, but still important that people go to work. Very necessary at this moment in time. The robots have not taken over yet.

So yeah, that's why, that's the third reason. People will stop going to work, or people will go to work less if the government just give the money for doing nothing.

[00:18:39]

Okay, that's the debate. The idea of universal basic income is an interesting one. I don't particularly know where I stand on this. I kind of can see the good and bad things about it.

So, I'm really curious about what you think. So, if you enjoyed it and you have some opinions on this topic, let me know in the comments.

[00:19:02]

I'm going to link down quite a few… kind of resources in the description because there is a lot of material on this online and loads of cool YouTube videos of people explaining the pros and cons of it.

So, I'll link it away. So, thank you for watching and I'll see you next time.

For #1 - Bad for mental health

Highlight reel. Meaning: a short video or photo that is designed for entertainment, often showing the highlights (= the most interesting or exciting parts) of something. For example, highlight reels of your friends' holidays often give a misleading impression of what they were really like.

Entirety. Meaning: the whole of something. For example, the poem is too long to quote in its entirety.

Subconsciously. Meaning: as a result of feelings that influence your behaviour even though you are not aware of them. For example, subconsciously, she was looking for the father she had never known.

Detrimental. Meaning: harmful. For example, the policy will be detrimental to the peace process.

Perpetuate. Meaning: to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time. For example, he perpetuated the lie by speaking about it on a podcast.

Against #1 - Keep connected with friends

Stay in touch. Meaning: to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by using a phone or writing to them. For example, Are you still in touch with any of your old school friends?

Acquaintance. Meaning: a person that you know but who is not a close friend. For example, Claire has a wide circle of friends and acquaintances.

Up to. Meaning: to be doing something. For example, what are you up to tomorrow?

Grow apart. Meaning: to stop having a close relationship with somebody over a period of time. For example, as we got older we just grew apart.

Stranger. Meaning: a person that you do not know. For example, there was a complete stranger sitting at my desk.

For #2 - Waste of time

Validation. Meaning: the feeling that others recognise that you are right or good enough. For example, we seek validation from our peers.

Consciously. Meaning: in a way that is deliberate or careful. For example, consciously or unconsciously, you made a choice.

Surface level. Meaning: shallow, lacking depth. For example, if my friendship with someone isn't very deep or involved, I might say we have a surface level relationship.

Deliberate. Meaning:done on purpose rather than by accident. For example, the speech was a deliberate attempt to embarrass the government.

Nonsense. Meaning: ideas, statements or beliefs that you think are silly or not true. For example, you're talking nonsense!

Against #2 - Keep up to date with cultural events

Externally. Meaning: in a way that happens or comes from outside a place, an organisation, a particular situation, etc. For example, the university has many externally funded research projects.

Contemporary. Meaning: belonging to the present time. For example, the film paints a depressing picture of life in contemporary Britain.

Transcript

[00:00:00] Hello and welcome to Debates in English, a weekly English lesson for upper intermediate and advanced English learners interested in political and societal subjects. I'm your host Sam, an experienced English teacher who has spent thousands of hours in the classroom helping hundreds of students improve their fluency.

[00:00:21] This lesson series combines my expertise gained from my master's degree in politics with my passion for teaching English. Each week you will expand your vocabulary at the B2 C1 level and improve your listening skills by exploring the pros and cons of a controversial topic. I recommend downloading the free document in the description, which has a transcript of the lesson with all the key vocabulary highlighted and further reading materials.

[00:00:52] So usually I script these episodes and I write down everything that I'm going to say, but this week I've been a little bit lazy and I haven't done that. So today I'm going to have to record an episode without too much planning. And without a script. So, we'll see what happens. So the first reason why I think you should delete social media is because it can be bad for your mental health.

[00:01:15] The key vocabulary to listen out for is highlights reel, meaning a short video or photo. That is designed for entertainment, often showing the highlights, the most interesting or exciting parts of something. For example, highlight reels of your friend's holidays often give a misleading impression of what they were really like.

[00:01:39] Entirety. Meaning, the whole of something. For example, the poem is too long to quote in its entirety. Subconsciously. Meaning, as a result of feelings that influence your behaviour even though you are not aware of them. For example, subconsciously, she was looking for the father she had never known.

[00:02:04] Detrimental. Meaning, harmful. For example, the policy will be detrimental to the peace process. Perpetuate, meaning to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time. For example, he perpetuated the lie by speaking about it on a podcast. So when we're using social media apps like Instagram, for example, we get to see the of everyone else's life.

[00:02:37] These photos are very small pieces of people's lives, and they don't, do not show the entire thing. You, now, when you're using Instagram, have to compare that small, percentage of someone's life to the entirety of your life. So you know 100 percent of the things about yourself. You know, all your bad moments, you know, all your good moments, you know, all your lazy moments, you know, all your pathetic moments.

[00:03:08] And that's okay. You know, we're human. We're not all perfect. But you don't see that about everyone else's life. But on social media, especially Instagram, for example, you get to see a tiny bit of their life. And it's always the best moments. People don't upload, well, people usually don't upload pictures or videos of their bad moments.

[00:03:33] Or, you know, anything that isn't their best moments, really. It's usually celebratory posts. They're celebrating something. Maybe they've gone to a wedding. Maybe they've got a promotion at work. Maybe they've got a new car or a new house, something like this. So you are, you are subconsciously comparing your life to a highlight reel of other people's.

[00:03:58] And I think even if you know this to be the case, so even if you know This is happening. I think it happens anyway. It happens subconsciously. It's happening automatically. And while this can happen for people's lives, so you can compare your life to other people's life, I think this can be really detrimental for people when we do it about our appearance and our looks.

[00:04:24] So if you, the same with, you know, your life, you get to see yourself in the mirror up close in your really ugly moments. You get to see what you wake up, what you look like first thing when you wake up when you know you're ill or something like this. And you look in the mirror and you're like, Oh God, I look bad today.

[00:04:44] And then you go on social media apps like Instagram, and you are able to see models, you know, actresses, actors, musicians even normal people, but these are their best photos. They're probably, there's probably like 30 photos taken of this specific event, and they've chosen the best one. And maybe they're edited, maybe the girls are wearing makeup, maybe the boys are wearing makeup, who knows?

[00:05:12] And sometimes people use filters and a lot of the time it can happen where a lot of the time people compare what they look like on a day to day basis. With these unrealistic beauty standards, which are perpetuated through the use of filters and editing. And we're not supposed to see good looking people all the time.

[00:05:34] If we went back before the internet and people lived in towns, you would just see the people that you saw every day. And that's what your kind of basis of what normal looks like. But when we have access to all these beautiful people on the internet, You start to think that's what normal looks like. And that's what it's what you're expected to look like.

[00:05:56] And I think the same comparison thing can happen here. So people compare themselves with other people subconsciously, even if they know this is unrealistic. This is not natural. This is not normal. I think it happens subconsciously and this can have negative effects on people and it can lower your self esteem.

[00:06:14] So that's a reason why I think you could delete social media. One reason why you shouldn't delete social media. is, it's a good way to stay in touch with your friends. The key vocabulary to listen out for is stay in touch, meaning to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by using a phone or writing to them.

[00:06:35] For example, are you still in touch with any of your old school friends? Acquaintance, meaning a person that you know who is not a close friend. For example, Claire has a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. Up to, meaning to be doing something. For example, what are you up to tomorrow? Grow apart.

[00:06:59] Meaning, to stop having a close relationship with somebody over a period of time. For example, as we got older, we just grew apart. Stranger, meaning a person that you do not know, for example, there was a complete stranger sitting at my desk. I don't text that many people a lot of the time. I have a few group chats that I I'm in, that I, that, you know, I speak to people every day, speak to my family quite often.

[00:07:28] I see my girlfriend every day because I live with her, but some people who I'm friends with, I don't really communicate with them that often, maybe because they live in a different city than me, maybe they live in a different country than me, but I don't text them that regularly. Maybe we have a phone call once every few months, for example, but I'm still interested about them and their lives.

[00:07:52] And because we don't communicate that often, connecting to people on social media is a really good way to stay in touch and just to have general updates about what's going on. People's lives that you care about. Maybe it's not the best thing to have updates about people you don't really care about, or maybe celebrities.

[00:08:12] Do you need daily updates of what they're doing? Maybe not, unless you're a real big fan, but with people who are acquaintances or friends that aren't that close, but you're, you still like, and you still care about, then it's a good way to see what they're up to. And sometimes if they post something, you can reply to that and you can have a quick conversation.

[00:08:34] And you're still building that relationship when you, when you don't have social media, sometimes you don't see people or you don't speak to people for months, like they care about due to location. Most of the time, if they lived in where you live. Maybe a little bit different, but not all of us live in the same place as all of our friends and the people who care about.

[00:08:57] So it's easy to kind of lose touch and to grow apart from people just because you don't have that frequent interaction. So I think social media, even though it can have some negatives, is a real simple way of just staying in touch with people. You don't even need to post that often. You can just wait until other people post, and then maybe you see something that you can apply to.

[00:09:21] You don't even need to post that much yourself. So it's very simple way just to keep in touch with people that you care about. I deleted Instagram for a very long time. Well, I actually deactivated it rather than deleted it. And I felt like I did grow apart from a lot of people who I didn't see on a regular basis, and I didn't know what they were up to, which was a shame really, because I like those people.

[00:09:47] And I care about them and it, it meant that when I did see them, I, maybe there was more to talk about, but I felt like I had lost that kind of connection because there wasn't really, it just felt like we became strangers almost, that this was a person from the past. Rather than the person from the present because they're not in my life on a, you know, weekly basis, monthly basis.

[00:10:14] And I don't maybe think about this person that much, but you know, it's so nice to get updates from them. And this is the modern web, you know, people used to write letters to each other. Now people don't do that. They just upload tweets or photographs or stories or something like this. So it's the modern way of keeping in touch and you can build a network of great people, friends, people that you care about, and you can have that kind of network All over the world.

[00:10:41] And it's a good way for you to also update other people because it's, it will take a very long time that the process of writing to every single person or sending a photo to every single person you care about with that you think would care about your life updates would take ages. So why not just upload a picture to Instagram, write a tweet, and then everyone can see what you're up to that you care about.

[00:11:05] You could have a private account. You could, you know, block random people from seeing your stuff, but it's a great way to show people what you're up to and also see what other people are up to. What's not to like? The second reason why you should delete social media is it's a huge waste of time. The key vocabulary to listen out for is validation, meaning the feeling that others recognize that you are right or good enough.

[00:11:30] For example, we seek validation from our peers consciously, meaning in a way that is deliberate or careful. For example, Consciously or unconsciously, you made a choice. Surface level, meaning shallow, lacking depth. For example, if my friendship with someone isn't very deep or involved, I might say we have a surface level relationship.

[00:11:56] Deliberate, meaning done on purpose rather than by accident. For example, the speech was a deliberate attempt to embarrass the government. Nonsense, meaning ideas, statements, or beliefs that you think are silly or not true. For example, you are talking nonsense. I think it can be beneficial to stay up to date with people's lives, but how often really are people uploading things on social media that actually matter?

[00:12:30] You know, if it was really that important, they would text you or you'd see them in person and they would say something like, I got a new job, something like this, most of the time on social media. It's stupid pictures. It's someone, you know, uploading the meal that they ate at a restaurant. I don't really care about that unless it looks, you know, ridiculously delicious and it's somewhere I can go to myself.

[00:12:54] If it's like a, if it's a restaurant in Greece and I'm in Manchester, it's no good for me. I get to see a picture of a pizza or whatever and I'm like, okay, that looks like a nice pizza. That information has done, you know, nothing for me apart from it might make me hungry, but who knows? But yeah, a lot of the time the posts on social media are, I'm thinking Instagram mostly, are just stupid and pointless.

[00:13:21] They don't add anything. Their people, most of the time, just looking for validation. They, you know, they want to upload a picture of themselves, so people can You know, show interest. Oh, you look good in this photo because it makes them feel better. I've done it. Everyone does it. They don't do it consciously.

[00:13:39] It probably happens because they feel bad about themselves sometimes. Sometimes it's fun. You know, I'm not saying every post is looking for validation. Sometimes it's harmless and it's fun and it's not as serious as that. But a lot of the time the stuff on social media It's just surface level rubbish.

[00:14:01] It's, it's nothing you could quite easily go 24 hours a week, a month without seeing anything on social media. And, you know, if you asked someone, okay, tell me three posts or pictures that you saw on social media in the last week that added value to your life. Most people probably wouldn't be able to say anything apart from, I saw a reel or a TikTok and it was pretty funny.

[00:14:27] That's nice. I enjoy funny things. I, enjoy Twitter or X because of the funny things on there. I enjoy some reels or TikTok because I don't use TikTok. I feel like I'm too old, but Instagram reels because yeah, they're funny. They relate to me, but most of the time it's a waste of time. And if you don't, if you're not in a position in your life that you're not happy with.

[00:14:49] And maybe you can do something more productive or something more valuable or just kind of deeper. Like reading a book is so much better use of time and relaxing than scrolling on social media. And it also kills your attention span if you're just on TikTok all day. Your attention span is going to be zero.

[00:15:09] If you're reading books, you can concentrate for a long time. So I just feel like if you can use Instagram or social media in a very limited and purposeful and deliberate way. So you're, you're literally going, okay, I'm going on my Instagram app for 10 minutes just today. And I'll just see the photos from my friends.

[00:15:34] That's fair enough. But a lot of people, they spend way too many hours each day on it, and it doesn't really give them anything positive. So, I just feel like, of all the things you could be doing in the world, Literally anything taking a walk, I think even playing video games is a better use of time.

[00:15:51] Painting, exercising, creating something, seeing your friends, socialising, hugging your mum. Literally anything is better than just wasting your time just scrolling on your phone. It's so boring, but it's useful because when you get back from work or school or university and you're tired, you You need something that stimulates your brain, but also relaxes your body.

[00:16:17] Like you're not using too much physical energy, but your brain is stimulated, which you can do through a book or watching TV, which I think is definitely better than social media, unless you're doing something really interesting or seeing, you know, cool photos or reading some interesting tweets, but most of the time, it's nonsense.

[00:16:35] The second reason why you shouldn't delete social media is it's a good way to stay up to date with cultural things happening. The key vocabulary to listen out for is externally, meaning in a way that happens or comes from outside a place, an organisation, a particular situation, etc. For example, the university has many externally funded research projects.

[00:17:00] Contemporary, meaning belonging to the present time. For example, the film paints a depressing picture of life in contemporary Britain. So if you are on TikTok or Instagram or Twitter, you literally get updates about things that are happening with the interests that you like. So you might, if you're into running, you may see this, you make it advertised, or you may see this kind of event that's happening in your local area that you wouldn't see if you weren't interested.

[00:17:29] If you weren't on social media, if you are on Twitter, you might receive your news from that, or even Instagram and you might get your news from certain social media outlets. So you're staying up to date, not only with your friends, what's happening around the world. This is literally like, imagine social media is like an online social events.

[00:17:51] That's why it's called social media because it involves people and people are being sociable. So when you're home and you're alone and you're reading a book and, or you're watching TV or you're not using social media, what social media whatsoever, you are a little bit disconnected with what's happening externally.

[00:18:14] And you may still see your friends. You may text them. But you're kind of relying on them to give you information that you can only get from limited sources. So, especially with like current contemporary things. Sure, you can read some great Penguin classic books and you might be spending your time in a better way because you're kind of delving into a deep novel.

[00:18:43] Sure. That's great. But how are you going to find out about a festival happening, you know, next week where you're living if you're not using the internet for in these social realms of activity? So it's like a big party, essentially, if you can look at it. It's just like, a marketplace or a party or some place where people physically gather and everyone's there posting things that you may like.

[00:19:12] And because of the algorithm love it or hate it, it learns more about you and what you like. So my, Social media pages will be very different from yours because we are different people and we have different interests. So, it's a good way just to stay up to date with news, what's happening locally kind of things that you're interested in.

[00:19:35] Where else are you really going to get that information apart from relying on other people? You can't you're not gonna, I can't actually think of another way. Yeah, you have to keep social media if you want to keep up to date with trends and what's happening. Finished. That's it. So that was a little bit of a different format than usual.

[00:19:58] If you prefer this format where I'm speaking a little bit more freely and naturally. Let me know in the comments. If not, I will return back to my scripted videos because I think it's a better way to introduce deliberate vocabulary, but this way also has its advantages because this is how people actually speak.

[00:20:19] The previous videos that you may have seen are deliberately scripted. People aren't that accurate and precise with their language when they're speaking English or any language unless you're an incredibly eloquent speaker. But, this is how I speak, this is how people normally speak, and if you're trying to learn English or any language, Then it may be better just to listen to natural conversations rather than scripted conversations.

[00:20:51] Who knows, but yeah, let me know what you think. That is the debate everyone. Let me know in the comments what your opinion is on this subject. Which argument do you think is the strongest? Thanks for watching and see you next week for the next debate.

British factory workers in the United Kingdom used to work about 14-16 hours per day for 6 days a week. Can you imagine that! Now, full time work is 7-8 hours a day, 5 days a week. Over time there is a trend of full time work being reduced, and now there are calls for a 4-day working week to be introduced.

I’m going to read you some background information from the Wikipedia page:

“A four-day workweek is an arrangement where a workplace or place of education has its employees or students work or attend school, college or university over the course of four days per week rather than the more customary five.This arrangement can be a part of flexible working hours, and is sometimes used to cut costs.

The four-day week movement has grown considerably in recent years, with increasing numbers of businesses and organisations around the world trialling and moving permanently to a four-day working week of around 32 hours, with no less pay for workers. Most of these businesses and organisations have involved white collar work, and found that a four-day week is a win-win for employees and employers, as trials have indicated that it leads to a better work-life balance, lower stress-levels, and increased productivity, mainly by eliminating wasted work time. An overwhelming majority of studies report that a four-day week leads to increased productivity and decreased stress, though experts question whether this arrangement is possible in blue collar work, where there may be little wasted time, or workers would be required to work faster to maintain the same productivity, potentially increasing stress levels and decreasing safety.”

In the description, I will provide a link to a trial study that was done with 61 British companies changing to a 4-day workweek. The results are very interesting.

Let’s jump into the pros and cons of transitioning to a 4-day working week!

Yes #1 - Improved Work-Life Balance

The first reason why we should have a 4 day workweek is: improved work-life balance.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Pursue. Meaning: to do something or try to achieve something over a period of time. For example, I wasn't sure I wanted to pursue dance as a career.

Tackle. Meaning: to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation. For example, I think I'll tackle the repairs next weekend.

Hectic. Meaning: very busy; full of activity. For example, the job gets a bit hectic at times.

Enhance. Meaning: to increase or further improve the good quality, value or status of somebody/something. For example, this is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.

Accomplish. Meaning: to succeed in doing or completing something. For example, I don't feel I've accomplished very much today.

One of the biggest benefits of a four-day workweek is improved work-life balance. Having an extra day off each week gives employees more time to relax, pursue hobbies, and spend time with family and friends. This extra day can help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.

With a longer weekend, employees have more time to recharge. This can lead to better mental health, as people have more opportunities to rest and engage in activities they enjoy. For example, someone might use the extra day to exercise, take a short trip, or simply relax at home. These activities can help people feel more refreshed and ready to tackle the workweek.

Additionally, a four-day workweek can help employees manage their personal responsibilities better. Tasks like grocery shopping, doctor's appointments, and household chores can be done on the extra day off, freeing up the weekend for relaxation and leisure. This can lead to a more balanced and less hectic life.

Moreover, improved work-life balance can also enhance productivity. When employees feel well-rested and less stressed, they are likely to be more focused and efficient at work. They can concentrate better and accomplish tasks more quickly, which benefits both the employees and their employers.

In summary, a four-day workweek offers significant advantages for work-life balance. It provides employees with more time to rest and enjoy their personal lives, which can lead to better mental health, higher productivity, and overall job satisfaction. This improved balance between work and personal life is a strong reason to consider adopting a four-day workweek.

No #1 - Increased Workload

The first reason why we shouldn’t have a 4 day workweek is: increased workload.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Workload. Meaning: the amount of work that has to be done by a particular person or organization. For example, we have taken on extra staff to cope with the increased workload.

Exhausting. Meaning: making you feel very tired. For example, an exhausting day at work.

Thrive. Meaning: to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc./ For example, new businesses thrive in this area.

Overwhelmed. Meaning: to have such a strong emotional effect on somebody that it is difficult for them to resist or know how to react. For example, she was overwhelmed by feelings of guilt.

Overlook. Meaning: to fail to see or notice something. For example, in my hurry to finish the exam I had overlooked part of one of the questions.

One of the main drawbacks of a four-day workweek is the potential for an increased workload. When employees have fewer days to complete the same amount of work, each workday can become more intense and demanding.

In a traditional five-day workweek, tasks are spread out more evenly. With a four-day workweek, employees often have to fit the same tasks into fewer days. This can lead to longer working hours each day, which can be exhausting and stressful. For example, instead of working eight hours a day, employees might need to work ten hours a day to get everything done. This can make the workdays feel very long and tiring.

Additionally, the increased workload can put pressure on employees to work faster and more efficiently. While some people may thrive under this pressure, others may struggle to keep up. This can lead to higher stress levels and burnout. Employees may feel overwhelmed by the need to constantly stay on top of their tasks without enough time to take breaks and rest.

Moreover, an intense workload can affect the quality of work. When employees are rushed, they might make more mistakes or overlook important details. This can be problematic for businesses that rely on high-quality work and attention to detail. In the long run, this can impact the overall productivity and success of the company.

In summary, while a four-day workweek offers many benefits, it can also result in an increased workload for employees. The need to fit the same amount of work into fewer days can lead to longer hours, higher stress levels, and potential burnout. It’s important for companies to carefully consider these challenges and find ways to support their employees if they choose to adopt a four-day workweek.

Yes #2 - Improved Job Satisfaction

The second reason why we should have a 4 day workweek is: improved job satisfaction.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Morale. Meaning: the amount of confidence and enthusiasm, etc. that a person or a group has at a particular time. For example, another win would be good for the team’s morale.

Enthusiasm. Meaning: a strong feeling of excitement and interest in something and a desire to become involved in it. For example, she never lost her enthusiasm for teaching.

Engage. Meaning: (formal) to succeed in attracting and keeping somebody’s attention and interest. For example, it was difficult to engage the students at first.

Collaborative. Meaning: involving, or done by, several people or groups of people working together. For example, collaborative projects/studies/research.

Foster. Meaning: to encourage something to develop. For example, the EU seeks to foster the spirit of European unity.

A four-day workweek can significantly boost job satisfaction for employees. When people feel happier and more valued at their jobs, they tend to perform better and stay longer with their companies.

Firstly, a shorter workweek can lead to higher morale. Knowing that they have an extra day off each week can make employees feel more appreciated by their employers. This sense of appreciation can increase their motivation and enthusiasm for their work. Employees who feel valued are more likely to be committed to their jobs and put in their best effort.

Secondly, the extra day off provides more opportunities for personal growth and development. Employees can use this time to learn new skills, take courses, or engage in professional development activities. This can lead to a greater sense of accomplishment and satisfaction in their careers. When employees feel they are growing and advancing, they are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs.

Additionally, a four-day workweek can create a more positive workplace culture. When employees are less stressed and happier, they tend to have better relationships with their colleagues. This can lead to a more collaborative and supportive work environment. A positive workplace culture can improve overall job satisfaction and make the workplace more enjoyable.

Moreover, the flexibility of a four-day workweek can allow employees to better manage their time and responsibilities. They can plan their work and personal lives more effectively, leading to a sense of control and balance. This flexibility can make employees feel more satisfied with their jobs and less likely to experience burnout.

In conclusion, a four-day workweek can greatly enhance job satisfaction by boosting morale, providing opportunities for personal growth, fostering a positive workplace culture, and offering greater flexibility. These factors can make employees feel happier and more fulfilled in their careers, benefiting both them and their employers.

No #2 - Not Suitable for All Industries

The second reason why we shouldn’t have a 4 day workweek is: it’s not suitable for all industries.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Encounter. Meaning: to experience something, especially something unpleasant or difficult, while you are trying to do something else. For example, we encountered a number of difficulties in the first week.

Provoke. Meaning: to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect. For example, the announcement from the president provoked a protest.

Envy. Meaning: the feeling of wanting to be in the same situation as somebody else; the feeling of wanting something that somebody else has. For example, they looked with envy at her latest purchase.

Disparity. Meaning: a difference, especially one connected with unfair treatment. For example, there are growing regional disparities in economic growth.

Diminish. Meaning: to become smaller, weaker, etc.; to make something become smaller, weaker, etc. For example, the world's resources are rapidly diminishing.

One serious drawback of a four-day workweek is that it is not suitable for all industries. While some sectors might benefit from this change, others could encounter serious challenges.

Firstly, industries that require consistent customer service or daily operations may struggle with a four-day workweek. Sectors like healthcare, retail, and emergency services need to be accessible to their clients and patients every day. Reducing the number of workdays could disrupt their ability to provide continuous and reliable service. This disruption could lead to dissatisfaction among customers and even potential risks in critical fields like healthcare.

Secondly, the four-day workweek might provoke feelings of envy among workers in different sectors. Employees in industries that cannot adopt the shorter workweek may feel envious of those who can. This disparity could lead to lower morale and dissatisfaction among workers who must continue with the traditional five-day schedule. The perception of inequality in work conditions could create tension and diminish overall job satisfaction.

Moreover, the four-day workweek presents challenges for hourly employees, such as contract workers. These employees might face a reduction in their total income if they work fewer hours. Unlike salaried employees, who receive a fixed income regardless of hours worked, hourly workers rely on their hours to earn their wages. A shorter workweek could negatively affect their financial stability, making it less appealing for them.

In summary, while a four-day workweek has its advantages, it is not suitable for all industries. Constant service sectors, potential feelings of envy among workers, and financial challenges for hourly employees are significant concerns. It is essential to consider these factors before making such a substantial change to the work schedule.

One of my students recently told me they visited a zoo. I asked how he felt about going to zoos as some people think it’s unethical to keep animals in a confined and artificial environment for entertainment. He told me the conditions that the animals lived in were good and they seemed happy so he was ok with it. However, he told me that when he visited a zoo in Vietnam the animals all seemed sad and we went on to discuss if zoos should be banned or not.

So, I thought this week's episode could be a discussion on that exact topic. Should we ban zoos?

For the Ban #1 - Animal Welfare Concerns

Cramped (adj). Meaning: a cramped room, etc. does not have enough space for the people in it. For example, he lived for six months in a cold, cramped attic room.

Confined (adj). Meaning: (of a space or an area) small and surrounded by walls or sides. For example, it is cruel to keep animals in confined spaces.

Abnormal (adj). Meaning: different from what is usual or expected, especially in a way that worries somebody or is harmful or not wanted. For example, they thought his behaviour was abnormal.

Close-knit (adj). Meaning: of a group of people) having strong relationships with each other and taking a close, friendly interest in each other’s activities and problems. For example, the close-knit community of a small village.

Replicate (v). Meaning: (formal) to copy something exactly. For example, they failed to replicate the findings in the study.

Zoos are often seen as educational and fun places, where visitors can observe animals from around the world. However, significant animal welfare concerns suggest that zoos should be reconsidered or even banned.

Firstly, many animals in zoos are kept in cramped conditions far smaller than their natural habitats. For example, large animals like elephants and tigers, which walk for miles in the wild, are confined to small spaces in zoos. These spaces do not allow them to exhibit natural behaviours such as exploring and hunting. Such restrictions can lead to physical and psychological issues, including stress, obesity, and abnormal behaviours known as zoochosis.

Secondly, zoos often separate animals from their families, disrupting their natural social structures. Many species rely on close-knit family groups and complex social interactions for their well-being. Being isolated or placed with unfamiliar individuals can cause significant distress and anxiety.

Lastly, the artificial environments in zoos can never fully replicate the diversity and complexity of natural habitats. These environments often lack the variety of vegetation and flowers that animals interact with in the wild, which is crucial for their development and overall health. The artificial settings, designed more for human amusement than for animal comfort, can hinder natural behaviours and lead to both physical and mental health issues.

Due to these factors, the banning of zoos based on animal welfare concerns is a topic worthy of serious consideration. Alternatives such as wildlife sanctuaries and conservation programs in natural habitats should be supported to promote true animal welfare.

Against the Ban #1 - Animal Welfare and Conservation

Conservation (n). Meaning: the protection of the natural environment. For example, road development in the area has been limited by conservation programmes.

Endangered (adj). Meaning: (used especially about groups of animals, plants, etc.) at risk of no longer existing. For example, the sea turtle is an endangered species.

Breed (v). Meaning: (of animals) for a male and a female to create a baby. For example, many animals breed only at certain times of the year.

Extinct (adj). Meaning: (of a type of plant, animal, etc.) no longer in existence. For example, the red squirrel is in danger of becoming extinct in England.

Tailored (adj). Meaning: made for a particular person or purpose. For example, these lessons are tailored for upper intermediate and advanced students.

Although there are valid concerns about animal welfare in zoos, it's crucial to recognize that modern zoos play an essential role in conservation and can significantly improve animal welfare when managed properly. Zoos provide a safe environment for many endangered species, allowing them to thrive and reproduce in a controlled setting.

Firstly, zoos contribute actively to conservation through their involvement in breeding programs specifically designed for endangered species. These programs are vital for maintaining genetic diversity, which is essential for the survival and health of these species. Through such efforts, zoos have managed to reintroduce numerous species back into the wild, significantly boosting populations that are at risk of extinction.

Secondly, regarding animal welfare, many zoos now employ enrichment programs that encourage natural behaviours by simulating more natural environments. These programs are tailored to the specific needs of each species and focus on promoting physical and mental health through activities that encourage finding food, climbing, and social interaction. Such initiatives not only reduce stress and improve overall health but also ensure that the animals' lives in zoos are as engaging and natural as possible.

Lastly, the strategic management of animal populations through zoos involves the careful translocation of animals to prevent inbreeding and strengthen genetic health. This management is crucial for developing robust animal populations that are capable of thriving both in captivity and in the wild.

For the Ban #2 - Commercialisation

Compromise (n). Meaning: (between A and B) a solution to a problem in which two or more things cannot exist together as they are, in which each thing is reduced or changed slightly so that they can exist together. For example, It was a fair compromise between the two sides.

Nocturnal (adj). Meaning: (of animals) active at night. For example, owls are nocturnal animals.

Enclosure (n). Meaning: a piece of land that is surrounded by a fence or wall and is used for a particular purpose. For example, a wildlife enclosure for lions.

Inadequate (adj). Meaning: not enough; not good enough. For example, the system is inadequate for the tasks it has to perform.

Undermine (v). Meaning: to make something, especially somebody’s confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective. For example, our confidence in the team has been seriously undermined by their recent defeats.

One of the main ethical concerns about zoos is their commercialization, where the welfare of animals is often compromised for profit and human entertainment. This aspect of zoos raises significant moral questions about the treatment and use of animals in such settings.

Firstly, zoos often prioritise visitor satisfaction over animal welfare. This can lead to animals being displayed in ways that attract more visitors but are harmful to the animals themselves. For example, forcing nocturnal animals to be active during the day to fit zoo hours, or keeping animals in smaller, more visible enclosures that restrict their natural behaviours. Such practices emphasise the entertainment value at the cost of the animals' well-being.

Secondly, the profit motive can lead to zoos cutting costs in ways that directly harm animals. Inadequate funding for proper habitats, healthcare, and nutrition leads to poor living conditions. Animals may suffer from various health problems due to poor diets and lack of space, all because maintaining optimal conditions is often seen as too expensive.

Furthermore, the commercial nature of zoos means that they may engage in breeding practices not for conservation purposes but to increase the population of 'popular' animals that increase visitors. This selective breeding for visual appeal undermines genuine conservation efforts and focuses on generating income rather than protecting species.

In conclusion, the commercialization of zoos highlights a troubling conflict between making money and caring for animals ethically. The enjoyment of animals by humans, under conditions where the animals suffer, is fundamentally unethical and supports the argument for banning zoos.

Against the Ban #2 - Human Education

Compelling (adj). Meaning: that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting. For example, his eyes were strangely compelling.

Encounter (v). Meaning: to meet somebody, or discover or experience something, especially somebody/something new, unusual or unexpected. For example, She was the most remarkable woman he had ever encountered.

Foster (v). Meaning :to encourage something to develop. For example, The club's aim is to foster better relations within the community.

Preservation (n). Meaning: the act of keeping something in its original state or in good condition. For example, preservation of the building was the government's priority.

Poach (v). Meaning: to illegally hunt birds, animals or fish on somebody else’s property or without permission. For example, the elephants are poached for their tusks.

One compelling argument against banning zoos is their significant role in educating and inspiring the next generation about wildlife conservation. Zoos offer a unique platform where children and adults alike can learn about the natural world and the importance of protecting it.

Firstly, zoos provide an opportunity for people to see and connect with animals they might never encounter otherwise. This direct exposure can foster a sense of responsibility and a desire to participate in conservation efforts. For many young visitors, seeing animals in person can create a lifelong interest in wildlife. This emotional connection is crucial as it lays the foundation for future conservationists who will support environmental preservation.

Secondly, educational programs in zoos are designed to teach visitors about the challenges facing wildlife, including habitat loss, climate change, and illegal poaching. By providing this knowledge in an engaging and interactive way, zoos help people understand the complexities of conservation and the critical role humans play in addressing these issues.

Furthermore, many zoos offer programs specifically tailored to engage young people, such as zoo camps, guided tours, and hands-on activities that explain the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem health. These programs are not just informative; they are also designed to be inspiring, motivating young people to care about and take action for the natural world.

In conclusion, although the way zoos make money can be worrying, their role in education is very important. By teaching and inspiring young people, zoos help develop future wildlife supporters and conservationists. The positive educational effects provided by zoos make a strong argument against banning them. They show how zoos can help both animals and people understand the need for conservation.

In the United Kingdom the majority of university courses cost around 27,000 pounds, which is about 33,000 dollars. In the United States, another country with privatised university tuition, fees are much higher averaging between 40,000 to 120,000 dollars for a degree. All these costs don’t include housing, textbooks and personal supplies either.

However, many countries in Europe such as Germany, Sweden and Denmark have either free universities only requiring a small payment for administration costs or incredibly low cost relative to the UK and the USA.

So, let's deep dive into the pros and cons of having free university education.

For #1 - An Educated Society

The first reason why university should be free is the benefits of living in a society with more educated people.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Empower (v). Meaning: “to give somebody more control over their own life or the situation they are in”. For example, the movement empowered women and gave them confidence in themselves.

Equip (v). Meaning: “to provide yourself/somebody/something with the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity”. For example, rooms vary in size and come equipped with hairdryers, television and telephone.

Pressing (adj). Meaning: “needing to be dealt with immediately”. For example, many believe climate change is a pressing issue.

Catalyst (n). Meaning: a person or thing that causes a change. For example, The protests were later seen as the catalyst for the new political developments.

Equitable (adj). Meaning: “fair and reasonable; treating everyone in an equal way. For example, we don’t live in an equitable society!

At its centre, education empowers individuals. By making university free, we enable more people to access the tools and opportunities needed to reach their full potential. With a university education, individuals gain not only specialised knowledge but also critical thinking skills, creativity, and a lifelong enjoyment for learning. Development of these different skills will be even more important in the future when automation and artificial intelligence replaces more low-skilled work.

But the impact of education extends far beyond the individual. Society is made up of individuals and more educated individuals would make for a better society. Positive social change can happen when more people are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to navigate the difficulties of the modern world.

Educated individuals are more likely to contribute meaningfully to their communities and economies, driving innovation, productivity, and social togetherness. They are better equipped to address pressing issues, from environmental sustainability to technological advancement, creating a culture of continuous improvement and adaptation.

Furthermore, education is a catalyst for social mobility, breaking down barriers and opening doors to opportunities previously out of reach. By ensuring that education is accessible to all, regardless of economic background, we create a more equitable society where talent and merit, rather than privilege, determine success.

Against # 1 - Less Funding, Reduced Quality

The first reason why university shouldn’t be free is the reduction of education quality due to less funding.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Appealing (adj). Meaning: attractive or interesting. For example, spending the winter in the UK wasn’t appealing.

Prestigious (adj). Meaning: respected and admired as very important or of very high quality. For example, my parents wanted me to go to a more prestigious university.

Allocate (v). Meaning: to give something officially to somebody/something for a particular purpose. For example, a large sum has been allocated for buying new books for the library.

Stretched (v). Meaning: to make use of a lot of your money, supplies, time, etc. For example, the pandemic has stretched healthcare resources to the limit.

Jeopardise (v). Meaning: to risk harming or destroying something/somebody. For example, He would never do anything to jeopardise his career.

While free university may seem like an appealing policy, it may have significant negatives for funding and the quality of tuition that students receive. According to the Times, in the top ten universities around the world, three are in the UK and the other seven are in the United States. Top universities around the world, including many prestigious institutions in the United States and the United Kingdom, have earned their reputation through large investments in research, infrastructure, and faculty. These institutions attract top talent from around the globe and drive innovation and excellence in education.

However, making university education free could lead to a decrease in funding for universities, as governments may struggle to allocate sufficient resources to support the increased demand for higher education without additional revenue streams. This could result in budget cuts to academic programs, reduced investment in research and development, and limitations on faculty hiring and compensation. Governments that want to reduce their spending may introduce spending cuts to education that would harm the quality of the education offered to students.

A decrease in funding could impact the quality of education and the overall student experience. Class sizes may increase, leading to less individualised attention and interaction with professors. Resources such as libraries, laboratories, and student support services may be stretched thin, limiting students' access to essential learning resources and opportunities for academic and personal growth.

Moreover, reduced funding for universities could hinder their ability to compete globally and maintain their status as leading institutions of higher learning. As top universities in the United States and the United Kingdom face increased pressure to maintain their rankings and reputation, any decrease in funding could jeopardise their ability to attract and retain top staff and students, as well as secure research grants and partnerships.

For #2 - Student Debt

The second reason why university should be free is the issue of student debt.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Lenient (adj). Meaning: not as strict as expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed. For example, the teacher was lenient with students that were late.

Burden (n). Meaning: a duty, responsibility, etc. that causes worry, difficulty or hard work. For example, the heavy tax burden on working people.

Hinder (v). Meaning: to make it difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen. For example, a political situation that hinders economic growth.

Stifle (v). Meaning: to prevent something from happening; to prevent a feeling from being expressed. So, this is similar to hinder.For example, They hope the new rules will not stifle creativity.

Alleviate (v). Meaning: to make something less severe. For example, the policy was introduced to alleviate the suffering of many people in the North of the country.

When planning this episode, I had a look at my student debt to see how much I owed. I have a bachelors and a masters degree that cost me a total of £37,000. In the UK, we are able to get a loan to pay for our tuition fees. But, like most loans, we’re expected to pay interest on this and right now I’m in over £65,000 in debt. While this seems shocking, this is completely normal and everyone who I studied with at university will be in a similar situation. In the UK, you don’t start paying this back until you earn over 27,000 pounds a year and even then the monthly repayments aren’t much. This means that most people don’t actually pay all the money they owe and the loan gets cancelled at the age of 65. However, in the USA, the repayments are expected to be in full and a lot sooner, with some loans needing to be repaid in 10 years.

Is this the start that we want to give young people? Charging students huge amounts of money for wanting to better themselves, gain qualifications and become more employable. While this isn’t a severe issue in the UK as the loan repayments are lenient, in the USA student debt can be a source of financial burden. The debt that they acquire will follow them around for years into the future impacting their decisions on everything from further education to career choices.

The weight of student debt extends far beyond graduation day. For many, it becomes a constant source of stress and anxiety, affecting mental well-being and overall quality of life. Young graduates find themselves entering the workforce already burdened with significant financial obligations, making it difficult to pursue their dreams, start families, or invest in their futures.

Moreover, student debt has wider implications for society as a whole. It hinders economic mobility, as young adults are forced to delay major life milestones such as buying a home or starting a business due to their financial constraints. This delay in economic participation not only stifles individual growth but also slows down the overall pace of economic progress.

By making university education free, we can alleviate this burden of student debt. Students can focus on their studies without the constant fear of debt, allowing them to fully engage with their academic pursuits and extracurricular activities. This, in turn, can lead to improved academic outcomes and a more enriching university experience.

Finally, the fear of debt could be enough to persuade young people from not going to university. This could contribute to economic divisions in society as richer families will be able to help pay for tuition, while poorer students are forced into taking expensive loans.

Against #2 - Devaluing of Degrees

The second reason why university shouldn’t be free is that degrees will be devalued.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Devalue (v). Meaning: to give a lower value to something, making it seem less important than it really is. For example, work in the home is often ignored and devalued.

Strive (v). Meaning: to try very hard to achieve something. For example, they were always striving towards perfection.

Foster (v). Meaning: to encourage something to develop. For example, the company tried to foster an inclusive working environment.

Complacency (n). Meaning: a feeling of being satisfied with yourself or with a situation, so that you do not think any change is necessary; the state of being complacent. For example, His early success as a writer led to complacency and arrogance.

Diminish (v). Meaning: to make somebody/something seem less important than they really are. For example, the win was diminished because many thought they cheated.

One of the primary concerns with implementing free university education is the potential devaluation of education itself. When something is provided for free, it is often perceived as having less value. In the case of higher education, making it free could lead to a decrease in the appreciation and respect for the educational experience.

Paying tuition fees for university education is not just a financial transaction; it also represents an investment in one's future. When students and their families contribute financially to their education, they are more likely to take their studies seriously, engage actively in their courses, and strive for academic success. This financial commitment fosters a sense of responsibility and ownership over one's education, leading to greater motivation and dedication.

Also, when university education is provided for free, students may be less inclined to fully engage with their studies or take advantage of the opportunities available to them. Without the financial stake in their education, some individuals may approach their university experience with a sense of entitlement or complacency, leading to lower academic achievement and a diminished sense of accomplishment.

Furthermore, the perception of education as a valuable asset may be reduced when it is freely available to all. Employers may question the quality of degrees gained from institutions where education is provided for free, leading to scepticism about the skills and competencies of graduates in the job market.

Additionally, the devaluation of education could have broader societal implications, affecting the overall competitiveness and productivity of the workforce. A workforce that values education less may be less innovative, less adaptable to change, and less equipped to meet the demands of a rapidly evolving global economy.

For #3 - Reduce Inequality

The final reason why university should be free is the possibility of reducing inequality.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Socio-economic (adj). Meaning: relating to society and economics. For example, people from different socio-economic backgrounds worked in the company.

Counterparts (n). Meaning: a person or thing that has the same position or function as somebody/something else in a different place or situation. For example, the Foreign Minister held talks with his Chinese counterpart.

Disparity (n). Meaning: a difference, especially one connected with unfair treatment. For example, the wide disparity between rich and poor was highlighted.

Disproportionate (adj). Meaning: too large or too small when compared with something else. For example, the area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families.

Intergenerational (adj). Meaning: ​including or involving people of different generations or age groups. For example, the intergenerational conflict and political turmoil of the 1960s.

Supporters for free university education argue that it has the potential to significantly advance equal opportunities and reduce inequality within society. By removing financial barriers to higher education, free university education ensures that all individuals, regardless of socio-economic background, have equal access to the benefits of a university degree.

It should come as no surprise that working class people are less likely to go to university than their richer counterparts. Research suggests that “Fewer than one in five young people from the lower social class groups participate in HE, and although this proportion has been increasing, it remains well below the 45 per cent who participate from the higher social class groups”. The cost of study has been cited as a major reason for their decision not to go. According to one poll “students from the wealthiest postcodes tend to start thinking about university earlier than those from the poorest, with 39% of richer pupils considering higher education at primary school compared with 27% of their most disadvantaged peers”.

It could be argued that these disparities reflect the impact of financial barriers, limited access to educational resources, and systemic inequalities that disproportionately affect working-class communities. Free university education addresses this disparity by eliminating the financial barriers that prevent many working-class individuals from pursuing higher education. By making university education accessible to all, regardless of socioeconomic status, free university education ensures that talent and potential are not limited by financial circumstances.

Moreover, free university education has the potential to reduce socioeconomic inequality by empowering individuals to obtain the skills and qualifications needed to succeed in the modern economy. A university degree opens doors to higher-paying jobs, greater job security, and increased opportunities for career advancement, helping to narrow the income gap between different segments of society.

Additionally, free university education promotes social mobility by providing individuals with the tools and resources needed to break free from intergenerational poverty. By investing in education, society can create pathways for individuals to improve their lives and contribute positively to their communities and economies.

Furthermore, free university education fosters diversity and inclusion within higher education institutions, enriching the academic environment and promoting cross-cultural understanding and collaboration. When individuals from diverse backgrounds have equal access to higher education, society as a whole benefits from a more equitable distribution of talent, innovation, and expertise.

Against #3 - Reduce Taxes and Government Spending

The third reason why university shouldn’t be free is the ability to maintain tax and government spending levels.

The key vocabulary to listen out for is:

Overlook (v). Meaning: to fail to see or notice something. For example, he has overlooked one important fact.

Substantial (adj). Meaning: large in amount, value or importance. For example, substantial numbers of people support the reforms.

Expenditure (n). Meaning: the act of spending or using money; an amount of money spent. For example, plans to increase expenditure on health.

Subsidise (v). Meaning: to give money to somebody or an organisation to help pay for something; to give a subsidy. For example, the housing projects are subsidised by the government.

Trade-off (n). Meaning: the act of balancing two things that are opposed to each other. For example, there is a trade-off between the benefits of the drug and the risk of side effects.

Advocates for free university education often overlook the significant financial implications for government spending and taxation. Implementing such a policy would require a substantial increase in government expenditure, redirecting funds from other important areas such as healthcare, infrastructure, and social services.

In countries where higher education is publicly funded, taxpayers bear the burden of financing universities through their contributions to government revenue. Introducing free university education would likely require higher taxes. This would place an additional financial burden on taxpayers, reducing their disposable income and limiting their ability to invest in their own priorities, such as healthcare, housing, or retirement savings.

Moreover, the allocation of tax money for free university education raises questions of fairness and equity. Taxpayers may feel resentful about subsidising the education of others, especially if they themselves did not benefit from such a policy or if they have already paid off their own student loans through hard work and sacrifice.

Moreover, the opportunity cost of free university education cannot be ignored. Every pound spent on subsidising tuition fees for higher education represents a missed opportunity to invest in other areas with potentially greater social and economic returns. This could include early childhood education, vocational training, or research and development in emerging industries.

In essence, while the idea of free university education may appear attractive on the surface, it comes with significant economic trade-offs and opportunity costs. Governments must carefully consider the implications for government spending, taxation, and the broader economy before implementing such a policy, ensuring that resources are allocated efficiently and equitably to maximise societal welfare.